View source for Intermediaries and human rights – between co-opted law enforcement and human rights protection – PL 03b 2016


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'''Please use your own words to describe this session. You may use external references, websites or publications as a source of information or inspiration, if you decide to quote them, please clearly specify the source.'''
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''To follow the current discussion on this topic, see [http://eurodigwiki.org/wiki/Talk:Follow-up_plenary_3:_Intermediaries_and_human_rights the discussion tab] on the upper left side of this page''

== Session teaser ==
Internet intermediaries are positioned between states and users: their position between co-opted law enforcement and human rights protection and the rules under which they act, from terms of service to national and European law, will be openly and critically debated.

== Session description == 
Internet intermediaries enable communication online. They are thus essential to the exercise of human rights online and both essential to all Internet users and vulnerable to interventions by states. Intermediaries have become managers and adjudicators of freedom of expression and other rights. This is a task they neither wanted nor may be best suited to fill. The intermediaries’ terms of service seem like the actual Internet constitutions, while not providing many rights to users. From the Scarlet/Sabam, Telekabel, Digital Rights Ireland, Costeja and Schrems cases before the EU's highest Court to the Delfi and MTE cases before the European Court of Human Rights, European courts have approached the human rights obligations of intermediaries differently. Is it time for a revisit? How can we attribute responsibilities in the triangular relationship of states, intermediaries and users? Should we rely on self-regulation? What laws are applicable to users – can courts in one country change the rules for the activities of intermediaries in other countries? And what procedural guarantees exist for users’ rights in the ‘adjudication’ of conflicts?

== Keywords ==
intermediaries, human rights, enforcement, platforms, gatekeepers, companies

== Format == 
'''Until 30 April 2016.''' Please try new interactive formats out. EuroDIG is about dialogue not about statements.

== Further reading == 

* EDRi Booklet: [https://edri.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/EDRi_HumanRights_and_PrivLaw_web.pdf Human Rights and Privatised Law Enforcement]

* [https://edri.org/files/EDRI_CoE.pdf Council of Europe, Human Rights Violations Online], drafted by European Digital Rights, DGI (2014) 31, (04.12.2014)

* [https://edri.org/files/privatisedenf/DavidKaye_callICT_EDRi.pdf EDRi submission to UN Special Rapporteur David Kaye's call on freedom of expression and the private sector in the digital age (29.01.2016)]

* [https://edri.org/eu-internet-forum-document-pool/ EU Internet Forum against terrorist content and hate speech online: Document pool (10.03.2016)]

* [https://edri.org/files/2016-UN-consultation.pdf EDRi: Input on human rights and preventing and countering violent extremism (18.03.2016)]

* [http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/GuidingPrinciplesBusinessHR_EN.pdf UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework (2011)]

* [http://shiftproject.org/sites/default/files/ECHRSG.ICT_.pdf ICT Sector Guide on Implementing the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights]

* [http://ap.ohchr.org/documents/dpage_e.aspx?si=A/HRC/RES/26/9 Draft Treaty on Transnational Corporations (14.07.2014)]

* [https://search.coe.int/cm/Pages/result_details.aspx?ObjectID=09000016805c1ad4 Recommendation CM/Rec(2016)3 of the Committee of Ministers to member States on Human Rights and business (02.03.2016)]

* [https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?Ref=CM/Rec%282016%291&Language=lanEnglish&Ver=original&BackColorInternet=C3C3C3&BackColorIntranet=EDB021&BackColorLogged=F5D383 Recommendation CM/Rec(2016)1 of the Committee of Ministers to member States on protecting and promoting the right to freedom of expression and the right to private life with regard to network neutrality (13.01.2016)]

* [https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?id=2184807 Recommendation CM/Rec(2014)6 of the Committee of Ministers to member States on a Guide to human rights for Internet users (16.04.2014)]

* [https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?Ref=CM%282014%2931&Language=lanEnglish&Ver=addfinal&Site=CM&BackColorInternet=C3C3C3&BackColorIntranet=EDB021&BackColorLogged=F5D383 Recommendation CM/Rec(2014)6 of the Committee of Ministers to member States on a guide to human rights for Internet users – Explanatory Memorandum (16.04.2014)]

* [https://search.coe.int/cm/Pages/result_details.aspx?ObjectID=09000016805caa87 Recommendation CM/Rec(2012)3 of the Committee of Ministers to member States on the protection of human rights with regard to search engines (04.04.2012)]

* [https://search.coe.int/cm/Pages/result_details.aspx?ObjectID=09000016805caa9b Recommendation CM/Rec(2012)4 of the Committee of Ministers to member States on the protection of human rights with regard to social networking services (04.04.2012)]

* [https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?id=1835645 Recommendation CM/Rec(2011)7 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on a new notion of media (21.09.2011)]

* [https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?id=1266285 Recommendation CM/Rec(2008)6 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on measures to promote the respect for freedom of expression and information with regard to Internet filters (26.03.2008)]

* [https://rankingdigitalrights.org/ Ranking Digital Rights]

* [http://review.intgovforum.org/igf-2015/dynamic-coalitions/dynamic-coalition-on-platform-responsibility-dc-pr/ Dynamic Coalition on Platform Responsibility’s Recommendations on Terms of Service and Human Rights]

* [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002311/231162e.pdf UNESCO Report “Fostering Freedom Online: The Role of Internet Intermediaries” (2014)]

* OECD The economic and social role of Internet intermediaries (2010): [https://www.oecd.org/internet/ieconomy/44949023.pdf https://www.oecd.org/internet/ieconomy/44949023.pdf] 

* Council of Europe/EuroISPA, Human rights guidelines for Internet service providers (2008): [http://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=09000016805a39d5 http://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=09000016805a39d5]

* Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights "The right to privacy in the digital age" (30.06.2014): http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session27/Documents/A.HRC.27.37_en.pdf

* Ways to tackle online hateful content proposed by the German Task Force against illegal online hate speech (15.12.2015): [https://www.bmjv.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Artikel/12152015_TaskForceErgebnispapier_eng.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=2 https://www.bmjv.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Artikel/12152015_TaskForceErgebnispapier_eng.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=2]

* FRA/Council of Europe Handbook on European data protection law (2014): [http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra-2014-handbook-data-protection-law-2nd-ed_en.pdf http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra-2014-handbook-data-protection-law-2nd-ed_en.pdf]

* The right to privacy in the digital age, Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights: [https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=0900001680304b59 https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=0900001680304b59]

* Article 19's Report “Internet intermediaries: Dilemma of Liability” (2013): [https://www.article19.org/data/files/Intermediaries_ENGLISH.pdf https://www.article19.org/data/files/Intermediaries_ENGLISH.pdf]

* “Manila Principles on Intermediary Liability” (different civil society organisations, 2015): [https://www.manilaprinciples.org/principles https://www.manilaprinciples.org/principles]

* Cyberhate: an issue of continued concern for the Council of Europe’s Anti-Racism Commission (2015): [http://www.coe.int/t/democracy/source/publications/Cyberhate_2015_en.pdf http://www.coe.int/t/democracy/source/publications/Cyberhate_2015_en.pdf]

* Governance of Online Intermediaries: Observations from a Series of National Case Studies, Berkman Center Research Publication No. 2015-5 (18.02.2015): [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2566364 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2566364]

* Offensive Online Comments - New ECtHR Judgment – commentary by Dirk Voorhoof and Eva Lievens (15.02.2016): [http://echrblog.blogspot.fr/2016/02/offensive-online-comments-new-ecthr.html http://echrblog.blogspot.fr/2016/02/offensive-online-comments-new-ecthr.html]

* Criminal justice access to data in the cloud: challenges, (Council of Europe, 26.05.2016): [https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=0900001680304b59 https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=0900001680304b59]

* Welcome to the Jungle: the Liability of Internet Intermediaries for Privacy Violations in Europe (IVIR, 2015): [http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1720 http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1720]

'''Relevant judgements'''

* Judgement of the CJEU, Scarlet Extended SA v Société belge des auteurs, compositeurs et éditeurs SCRL (SABAM), (case C‑70/10): [http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=115202&pageIndex=0&doclang=EN&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=166646 http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=115202&pageIndex=0&doclang=EN&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=166646]

* Judgement of the CJEU, Digital Rights Ireland Ltd v Minister for Communications, Marine and Natural Resources and Others (case C-293/12) and Kärntner Landesregierung and Others(C-594/12): [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A62012CJ0293 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A62012CJ0293]

* Judgement of the CJEU, UPC Telekabel Wien GmbH v Constantin Film Verleih GmbH, Wega Filmproduktionsgesellschaft mbH (case C-314/12):[http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=149924&pageIndex=0&doclang=EN&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=166101 http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=149924&pageIndex=0&doclang=EN&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=166101]

* Judgement of the CJEU, Google Spain SL,Google Inc. v Agencia Española de Protección de Datos (AEPD), Mario Costeja González (case C‑131/12): [http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=152065&pageIndex=0&doclang=EN&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=472733 http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=152065&pageIndex=0&doclang=EN&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=472733]

* Judgement of the CJEU, Maximillian Schrems v Data Protection Commissioner (case C-362/14): [http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?docid=169195&mode=lst&pageIndex=1&dir=&occ=first&part=1&text=&doclang=EN&cid=334679 http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?docid=169195&mode=lst&pageIndex=1&dir=&occ=first&part=1&text=&doclang=EN&cid=334679]

* Judgement of the ECtHR Delfi AS v. Estonia (case no. 64569/09): [http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-155105 http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-155105]

* Judgement of the ECtHR Magyar Tartalomszolgáltatók Egyesülete and Index.hu ZRT v. Hungary (case no. 22947/13): [http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-160314 http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-160314]

* Judgement of the ECtHR Yildirim v. Turkey (case no. 3111/10): [http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-115705 http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-115705]

* Judgement of the ECtHR Cengiz and Others v. Turkey (cases no. 48226/10 and 14027/11): [http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-159188 http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-159188]

* Judgement of the ECtHR K.U. v. Finland (case no. 2872/02): [https://www.coe.int/t/dghl/standardsetting/dataprotection/Judgments/K.U.%20v.%20FINLAND%20en.pdf https://www.coe.int/t/dghl/standardsetting/dataprotection/Judgments/K.U.%20v.%20FINLAND%20en.pdf]

== People == 
Name, institution, country of residence
*'''Focal Point''': Dr. Matthias C. Kettemann, Cluster of Excellence "Normative Orders", [http://www.normativeorders.net/en/organisation/staff-a-z/person/442 University of Frankfurt/Main], Germany
*'''Key participants'''
:*Pavel Antonov, [http://www.bluelink.net/ BlueLink Civic Action Network]
:*NGOs, Sofia, Bulgaria, pavelan@bluelink.net
:*Stefan Herwig, Germany, private sector, stefan@dependent.de
:*Martin Husovec (Tilburg, academia)
:*Jef Ausloos (Brussels, academia)
:*Cristina Angelopulos (Amsterdam, academia)

'''Panelists:'''
# Frank La Rue (Mr.), Assistant Director-General for Communication and Information, UNESCO, Guatemala/France [international organizations]
# Maud Sacquet (Ms.), Public Policy Manager, Computer and Communications Industry Association, Belgium, msacquet@ccianet.org [private sector] [or industry rep]
# Michael Rotert, Chairman of the Board, eco – Association of the Internet Industry, Germany, michael.rotert@eco.de [government]
#a Karmen Turk, Triniti, University of Tartu, Estonia,karmen.turk@triniti.ee [academia]
#b Nicolo Zingales, Dynamic Coalition on Platform Responsibility,Tilburg University, Netherlands, n.zingales@uvt.nl [academia]

#a Allon Bar, [https://rankingdigitalrights.org Ranking Digital Rights & Stiftung Neue Verantwortung], Germany, a.bar@rankingdigitalrights.org [NGOs]
#b Maryant Fernández, [https://edri.org/ European Digital Rights] (EDRi), Belgium, maryant.fernandez-perez@edri.org [NGOs]
 
*'''Moderator''': Dr. Matthias C. Kettemann, Frankfurt Research Center for Internet and Society, Cluster of Excellence "The Formation of Normative Orders", University of Frankfurt am Main, Germany, matthias.kettemann@normativeorders.net 
*'''Remote moderator'''
'''Until 15 May 2016.''' 
The remote moderator is in charge of facilitating participation via digital channels such as WebEx and social medial (Twitter, facebook). Remote moderators monitor and moderate the social media channels and the participants via WebEX and forward questions to the session moderator. 
Please contact the EuroDIG secretariat if you need help to find a remote moderator.
*'''Org team''' 
Organising team is a group of people shaping the session. Every interested individual can become a member of an organising team (org team).
*'''Reporter''': Ana Gascon-Marcen, Council of Europe, France, Ana.GASCON-MARCEN@coe.int

== Current discussion ==
See [http://eurodigwiki.org/wiki/Talk:Follow-up_plenary_3:_Intermediaries_and_human_rights the discussion tab] on the upper left side of this page.

== Conference call. Schedules and minutes ==
*dates for virtual meetings or coordination calls
*short summary of calls or email exchange
*be as open and transparent as possible in order to allow others to get involved and contact you 
*use the wiki not only as the place to publish results but also to summarize and publish the discussion process 

== Mailing list == 
Contact: pl3b@eurodig.org

== Remote participation ==


== Final report ==  
Deadline 2016

== Session twitter hashtag ==  
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